THE YING AND YANG OF TRAINING:
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TRAINING AND STRUCTURAL TRAINING
In my last post, I talked about how the CNS (Central Nervous System) is of prime importance in athletic improvements, and how to avoid its overtraining. In this post I would like to talk a little bit about the two sides of the training coin in athletics. These would include training the structure of the body and then the central nervous system. Here is a quick overview of both types of training before I go into greater detail.
Structural Training: Training that focuses on the muscle-tendon structure of the body, the energy systems which support movement, as well as the endocrine and cardio-vascular systems that support the general well-being of the body as a whole.
CNS Training: In a nutshell, this is explosive strength and power training…plyometrics, olympic lifts and heavy squats…you get the idea. CNS training works the neural pathways from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles that they innervate. This training stimulates the central nervous system to become more proficient, as opposed to more efficient.
To acheive the best results in your training, what needs to happen is an optimal training frequency of both types of training. The overload that tends to happen, and cause training regression, is in CNS training. This particularly will occur when too much CNS specific training is undertaken and too little structural training has occurred. To give you a picture of what this is like, imagine what would happen if an overweight, untrained, 50 year old individual suddenly had the nervous system output of a professional level athlete. What would happen would be a high count of injuries, because that untrained persons muscles and connective tissues could not take the high force output of an amped up nervous system. Likewise, their body could not sustain that type of training for very long, because they wouldn't have the endocrine and cardiovascular support that would help them recover from the intense CNS output that they now had. Needless to say, it is important to do a good job with both aspects of training.
So I would like to now go into a bit of detail with structural training. Most of what I am concerned about when it comes to the structural training of an athlete is that of their muscle-tendon complex. In human movement, it is not just the muscles that bring about the movement, it is also the tendons. Our tendons act as speed and force amplifiers for the muscles in the body. Think of them as giant rubber bands, lets actually use a slingshot as an example. When you shoot a sling shot, your front hand is on a forked apparatus, while your back hand pulls back a band which usually contains a rock/bb/paintball/whatever you can come up with when you are 8 years old. Think of your front arm putting pressure on the fork as the work your muscles do….then think of the band being pulled back as your tendon action. The end result? A projectile being shot much faster than you could throw it. The mechanical and elastic elements work together to produce an enhanced reaction.
Back a few years ago, I did a large amount of research on tendon structure in athletes, and how it changes through training. To cut a long story short, tendons play an incredibly important part in human movement, and to neglect the fact that running and jumping is a dynamic interaction between the muscle fibers and the tendon units can really hurt your athletic performance. Now, when training volume is cut low to the point where one is only doing CNS type training (you can only do so much CNS work) you are going to start to neglect the "springyness" of the muscle-tendon structure. This will especially happen when the majority of your CNS style work is done in the weightroom. In fact, what most athletes will typically find if most of their training is done in the weightroom is that...their standing vertical jumps, and maybe 10m dashes will go up, but running jumps and top end sprint speed will go down. Bottom line…..the faster the movement…..the more the elasticity of the tendons will play a role. Sprints and running jumps rely a lot on tendon spring.
If you are not training your body structure to run fast or jump high, CNS training will not pick up the slack, even if you are doing a decent amount of plyometrics. I will say though that a fairly intensive plyometric training program certainly helps, but you can't sustain it all year long. So what exactly are some methods that are used to train the structure of an athletes? Its really a lot simpler than you might think.
The best exercises to train the structure of an athlete are simply repeated jumping or running exercises. If you are involved in a team sport, such as basketball or football, you are probably getting plenty of structural training in. If you don’t really play a team sport, or play a team sport, but don’t really practice the sport much in the offseason then you might need to do a little extra work in regards to your muscle-tendon structure. Some training methods that some elite track coaches use to remedy in-elasticity are called “rudimentary jump circuits". These jump circuits involve multiple jumps over a distance of around 20-30 meters. The jumps are low intensity, however, and instead of shooting for max distance, each jump only covers between one and three feet. In each jump, the aim is for minimal flexion of the knees and also low ground time. Biomechanically speaking, the tendon units will come into play to a greater extent when the ground time is minimized.
So what exactly would constitute a “structural” type workout for an athlete? Well, for a team –sport athlete, just playing your sport usually is a pretty good structural workout, as there are many ground contacts, jumps, cuts, etc. For non-team sport athletes, such as track, structural work includes warmup and general strength work, mobility, tempo sprints and repeated jumps, hops and skips and med ball throws. For those of you familiar with track, I am sure you are also familiar with many of these exercises. Here is an example of a typical non-CNS, pro structure and fitness based training day.
Jog 800m
General Strength (squats/lunges/inchworms,etc) and Light Accelerations
Hurdle mobility work
Sprint Drills, A-Skips, B-Skips, C-Skips, etc.
Repeated Skips: 3x20m for distance, 3x20m for height, 3x20m double arm
3x200m at submax pace
10 minute medicine ball circuit
Abdominal/Core work and stretch
So that would be a structure based training day. The opposite of this would be a CNS training day. A CNS training day might look something like this.
Sprint Drills/Accelerations
2x20m, 2x30m, 2x40m sprints @ 97%
10x jump attempts/dunk attempts
2x5 depth jumps over hurdle
4x4 hurdle hops
So I am sure you get the idea, and it is a pretty simple concept really. I feel that the more difficult aspect of this comes in the split of the weekly workload and deciding what workouts to do. I think early in the season, aka preparatory period, structural workouts will dominate the training of the athlete. A preseason schedule could look something like this:
Monday: Structural
Tuesday: Structural
Wednesday: Rest
Thursday: CNS
Friday: Structural
Saturday: Structural
Monday: CNS
Tuesday: Structural
Wednesday: Rest
Thursday: CNS
Friday: Structural
Saturday: Competition (CNS)
The last training setup listed above is a more traditional program, but works well. My favorite training setup for jumps actually wouldn’t really fall into a clean-cut version of dividing CNS and structure work, but I’ll try to divide it up below.
So here is my favorite training split for jumping events.
Monday: Weightlifting and Structure (50%CNS/50%Structure)
Tuesday: Track Work and Plyometrics (heavy CNS demand)
Wednesday: Structure, non-impact focus…med ball, hurdles, core circuits, etc.
Thursday: Weightlifting and Structure (50%CNS/50% Structure)
Friday: Track Work and Plyos (heavy CNS again)
Saturday: Long jog or tempo sprints (structure and fitness)
The reason that this setup will work is because of the principle of workload spacing. Olympic lifters will lift over 10 times a week, and sometimes more than that. The reason that they can handle it is because the space out the lifting sessions, and have a lot of recovery sessions. In the 4-day CNS training setup, each CNS session is fairly short (45 min) so the heavy fatigue from a big lifting/plyo session is not there. I will say though, that this type of block, over time, will bring about some serious CNS fatigue so it is important to schedule rest/structure weeks.
Final Note: This past weekend, Chaunte Howard Lowe broke the American Record in high jump, with a leap of 2.05m! This jump is also currently #1 in the world!
